Neapolis Sotterrata: Ruins below San Lorenzo Maggiore

5th – 4th century BCE (Greek Neapolis)

⛏️The site begins as part of the Greek city of Neapolis, featuring agora (public square) structures that form the foundation of the area’s future underground layers.

1st century BCE – 4th century CE (Roman Neapolis)

⛲Romans transform the agora into a macellum (market), complete with shops, a central water feature, and warehouses.

🏬The underground structures become part of the urban landscape, supporting the bustling trade hub above.

6th – 13th century (Early Christian to medieval period)

⛪A Christian basilica is constructed over the ruins of the Roman market, marking the site’s transition from a civic to a religious space.

⏳Over centuries, this church evolves into the San Lorenzo Maggiore Basilica, incorporating elements of earlier structures into its foundations.

14th century (Gothic reconstruction)

⚒️The Basilica is rebuilt in Gothic style under the Angevin dynasty, solidifying its role as one of Naples’ key religious landmarks.

🏛️Beneath the Basilica, the Roman macellum is abandoned and buried, but its ruins remain remarkably well-preserved.

16th – 19th century

🛐The site serves as a religious and cultural center while the underground Roman structures lie hidden, only occasionally unearthed by construction work or renovations.

19th – 20th century (Rediscovery)

🔎Archaeologists begin systematic excavations beneath San Lorenzo Maggiore, uncovering the Neapolis Sotterrata, including Roman roads, market stalls, and remnants of Greek structures.

🧾The discovery peels back the historical layers of Naples, offering insight into ancient urban life.

Modern era (20th century – present)

📍The Neapolis Sotterrata becomes an integral part of the San Lorenzo Maggiore complex, offering visitors a chance to explore the underground marketplace and learn about Naples’ Greek and Roman heritage.

🧭The Basilica continues to function as a religious site while showcasing its archaeological treasures, blending spirituality with history.